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Broome Western Australia
Broome jetty
Broome
Coordinates	17°57′43″S 122°14′10″E / 17.96194°S 122.23611°E / -17.96194; 122.23611Coordinates: 17°57′43″S 122°14′10″E / 17.96194°S 122.23611°E / -17.96194; 122.23611
Population	13,984 (2016 census)[1]
Established	1880s
Postcode(s)	6725
Elevation	19 m (62 ft)
Time zone	AWST (UTC+08:00)
Location	2,240 km (1,392 mi) from Perth
LGA(s)	Shire of Broome
State electorate(s)	Kimberley
Federal Division(s)	Durack
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 32.2 °C 90 °F 21.2 °C 70 °F 615.1 mm 24.2 in

Broome is a coastal, pearling and tourist town in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, 2,240 km (1,390 mi) north of Perth. The urban population was 13,984 at the 2016 Census^[1] growing to over 45,000 per month during the peak tourist season (June to August).^[2]

Geography

Broome is located in the tropical north of Western Australia's Kimberley coast on the east coast of the Indian Ocean and easterly adjacent of Gantheaume Point.

Cable Beach

Tourists riding camels at Cable Beach in Broome at sunset.

Named in honour of the Java-to-Australia undersea telegraph cable which reaches shore there, Cable Beach is situated 7 km (4.3 mi) from town along a bitumen road. The beach itself is 22.5 km (14.0 mi) long with white sand, washed by tides that can reach over 9 m (30 ft).^[3] The beach is almost perfectly flat. Located directly east of Cable Beach over the dunes is Minyirr Park, a coastal reserve administered by a collaboration of the Shire of Broome and the Yawuru people.

Roebuck Bay

Being situated on a north/south peninsula, Broome has water on both sides of the town. On the eastern shore are the waters of Roebuck Bay extending from the main jetty at Port Drive to Sandy Point, west of Thangoo station. Town Beach is part of the shoreline and is popular with visitors on the eastern end of the town. It is also the site of the famous 'Staircase to the Moon', where a receding tide and a rising moon combine to create a stunning natural phenomenon. On 'Staircase to the Moon' nights, a food and craft market is operated on Town Beach.

Roebuck Bay is of international importance for the millions of migrating waders or shorebirds that use it seasonally on migration through the East Asian – Australasian Flyway from their breeding grounds in northern Asia. They feed on the extensive intertidal mudflats and roost at high tide on the red sand beaches of the bay. They can be seen in the largest numbers in summer, but many of the younger birds remain throughout the first and second years of their lives. The Broome Bird Observatory, sited in pindan woodland close to the northern shore of Roebuck Bay, was established by Birds Australia in 1988, and formally opened in 1990. The purpose of the observatory is to study the birds, learn how to protect them and educate the public about them.

A mixed black flying fox and little red flying fox colony of around 50,000 megabats lives all year in mangroves next to Broome township's small Streeter's Jetty. They chatter and socialise loudly before flying out at dusk each evening. The bats are key pollinators and seed dispersers for native trees and plants.

History

Broome is situated on the traditional lands of the Yawuru people.^[4]

It is often mistakenly thought that the first European to visit Broome was William Dampier in 1688, but he only visited the north of what was later named the Dampier Peninsula. In 1699 he explored the coast from Shark Bay to La Grange Bay, from where he headed north leaving the Australian coast. Many of the coastal features of the area were later named for him. In 1879, Charles Harper suggested that the pearling industry could be served by a port closer to the pearling grounds and that Roebuck Bay would be suitable. In 1883, John Forrest chose the site for the town, and it was named after Sir Frederick Broome, the Governor of Western Australia from 1883 to 1889.^[5]

The 1880s saw the commencement of Broome's pearling industry, which initially involved slave labour and later slave-like labour, pearl diving being an occupation reserved for specific ethnic groups. The Broome community came to "reflect the hierarchy of the pearling industry, which was based on occupation and ethnicity".^[6] White collar occupations and positions of power were exclusively held by Europeans. As a consequence, racial segregation was common in Broome until the 1970s.^[6]

In 1889, a telegraph undersea cable was laid from Broome to Banjuwangi, East Java, connecting to England. Hence the name Cable Beach given to the landfall site.^[5]

1942 air attacks

Main article: Attack on Broome

Broome was attacked at least four times by Japanese aircraft during World War II. The worst attack in terms of loss of life was an air raid on 3 March 1942 in which at least 86 people (mostly civilian refugees from the Dutch East Indies) were killed. Twenty-two aircraft were destroyed, most of them flying boats, the remains of which can still be seen in the harbour at low tide.

1950s to 2000s

In 1950, Broome was the setting for Arthur Upfield's novel The Widows of Broome, his 12th novel featuring Detective Inspector Napoleon Bonaparte ("Bony").

The West Australian mining boom of the 1960s, as well as the growth of the tourism industry, also helped Broome develop and diversify.

Gantheaume Point, circa 1910.

Dinosaur footprints dated as Early Cretaceous in age (approximately 130 million years ago) were discovered 30 m (98 ft) out to sea at Gantheaume Point in the 1960s. The tracks can be seen only during very low tide. In 1996 some of the prints were cut from the ground and stolen, but have since been recovered.^[7]

Broome entered into a sister city agreement with Taiji, Japan in 1981 as historic ties between the two towns date back to the early 1900s, when Japan became instrumental in laying the groundwork of Broome's pearling industry. The annual dolphin hunt in Taiji was the subject of the 2009 documentary The Cove, and sparked a unanimous decision by Broome's council, headed by Graeme Campbell, to end the relationship with Taiji if the dolphin hunt were to continue. The decision was reversed in October 2009.^[8]

2012 Save the Kimberley campaign

The Broome community led a campaign to protest against a proposal to industrialise the James Price Point outside Broome. The campaign has received ardent support from public figures such as John Butler, Missy Higgins, Clare Bowditch and former leader of the Australian Greens, Dr Bob Brown. A concert for the campaign was held on 5 October 2012 at Federation Square in Melbourne and was attended by approximately 6,000 people.^[9] Much of the concern was due to the myriad of well-preserved dinosaur tracks that are found in the intertidal zone outside Broome.

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Broome has a semi-arid climate (BSwhg);^[10] like most parts of the Australian tropics, it has two seasons: a dry season and a wet season.^[11] The dry season is from April to November with nearly every day clear and maximum temperatures around 30 °C (86 °F). The wet season extends from December to March, with maximum temperatures of around 35 °C (95 °F), rather erratic tropical downpours and high humidity. Broome's annual rainfall average is 615.1 mm (24.22 in), 75% of which falls from January to March.^[12]

Broome is susceptible to tropical cyclones and these, along with the equally unpredictable nature of summer thunderstorms, play a large part in the erratic nature of the rainfall. For instance, in January 1922, Broome Post Office recorded just 2.8 mm (0.11 in) of rainfall^[13] while in the same month of 2018, the airport received 945.4 mm (37.22 in).^[14] Dewpoint averages at 24 °C in the wet season and is as low as 8.4 °C in the dry season.^[12]

Frost is unknown; however, temperatures during the cooler months have dropped to as low as 3.3 °C (37.9 °F).^[12]

The average temperature of the sea ranges from 24.7 °C (76.5 °F) in July and August to 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) in March.^[15]

Broome observes an average of 48.4 days a year that record measurable precipitation.^[12]

Paleontological significance

Fossilised Megalosauropus broomensis dinosaur footprints dated as early Cretaceous in age are 30 m (98 ft) out to sea at Gantheaume Point. The fossil trackway can be viewed during very low tide. Plant fossils are also preserved extensively in the Broome Sandstone at Gantheaume Point and in coastal exposures further north.^[16][17]

The fossil trackways at Broome include possibly the largest known dinosaur footprints, sauropod tracks upwards of 1.7 m long. It is suspected that the sauropod that made these tracks might have been 7–8 m tall at the hip.^[18][19]

Panorama of Cable Beach

Media

Number one media platform is the Broome Advertiser, the local newspaper.
Localised television stations available in Broome include GWN7, WIN, Nine, ABC, SBS and Goolarri media. GWN7 broadcasts a half-hour news program for regional WA, GWN7 News, at 5:30pm on weeknights with a district newsroom covering Broome and surrounding areas based in the town.

Culture

Pearling industry

The town has a deep history based around the exploits of the men and women who developed the pearling industry, starting with the harvesting of oysters for mother of pearl in the 1880s to the large present-day cultured pearl farming enterprises.^[20]

Headstones in the Japanese Cemetery

At first, aborigines were enslaved and forced to dive for pearls, especially women and girls. In 2010 the Shire of Broome and Kimberley commissioned a Memorial to the Indigenous Female Pearl Divers.^[21] Later Asians and Pacific Islanders were given the job instead, especially Japanese. The riches from the pearl beds did not come cheaply, however, and the town's Japanese cemetery is the resting place of 919 Japanese divers who lost their lives working in the industry.^[22] Each year Broome celebrates the fusion of different cultures brought about by the pearling industry in an annual cultural festival called Shinju Matsuri (Japanese for "festival of the pearl").^[23]

Sport and recreation

Sun Pictures building

Broome hosts a lawn bowling club [1] and a golf club [2]. The town also has four Australian rules football clubs; Broome Bulls Football Club [3] (established 1949) the Broome Saints, Towns and Cable Beach all competing in the West Kimberley Football Association with games played at Haynes Oval.

Four Association Football clubs compete in the local Broome Soccer Association’s BLiga competition each dry season. FC Meatworks, Pearlers, Racing G and Broome Town field sides across men’s and women’s divisions.

Broome is also home to the Sun Picture Garden, the oldest operating open-air cinema in the world.^[24]

Industry

The pearling industry started in Broome with the harvesting of oysters for mother of pearl in the 1880s and has continued to the large present-day cultured pearl farming enterprises.^[20]

At first, aborigines were blackbirded (enslaved) and forced to dive naked, with little or no equipment. Pregnant girls were preferentially used as they were believed to have a superior lung capacity. After slavery was abolished in the British Empire (in 1883) and diving suits were needed for deeper diving, Asians and islanders were given the dangerous job instead.^[6] The Japanese were especially valued for their experience. The Japanese were only one of the major ethnic groups who flocked to Broome to work on the luggers or the shore-based activities supporting the harvesting of oysters from the waters around Broome. They were specialist divers and, despite being considered enemies, became an indispensable part of the industry until World War II. Many lost their lives working in the Broome pearl industry, and the exact number of deaths is unknown.

Transport

Broome International Airport is the regional air hub of northwestern Western Australia and is considered the tourism gateway to the Kimberley region.

The Broome Tramway was an industrial tramway used to convey goods between Mangrove Point and the town centre from 1898 until the 1960s.

Footnotes

References

• 
  Bailey, John (2001). The White Divers of Broome. Sydney: MacMillan. ISBN 0-7329-1078-1. 
  


• Lewis, Tom, and Peter Ingman. Zero Hour in Broome. Adelaide: Avonmore, 2010.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broome, Western Australia.

• 
  Broome travel guide from Wikivoyage


• Broome tourism


• Broome Football History


• Broome Environment, Flora and Fauna


• 
  Broome - Tourism Australia