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Abu 'Abdallah Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad al-Iyadi (Arabic: أبو عبد الله أحمد بن أبي دؤاد الإيادي ‎) (776/7–June 854) was a prominent Islamic religious judge ( qadi ) of the mid-ninth century. A leading proponent of Mu'tazilism, he was appointed as chief judge of the Abbasid Caliphate in 833, and became highly influential during the caliphates of al-Mu'tasim and al-Wathiq. During his tenure as chief judge he sought to maintain Mu'tazilism as the official ideology of the state, and he played a leading role in prosecuting the Inquisition ( mihnah ) to ensure compliance with Mu'tazilite doctrines among officials and scholars. In 848 Ibn Abi Du'ad suffered a stroke and transferred his position to his son Muhammad, but his family's influence declined during the caliphate of al-Mutawakkil, who gradually abandoned Mu'tazilism and put an end to the mihnah . As one of the most senior officials during the reigns of several caliphs, Ibn Abi Du'ad's stature at

Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Malik , better known as Ibn al-Zayyāt (Arabic: ابن الزيات ‎), was a wealthy merchant who became a court official and served as vizier of the Abbasid caliphs al-Mu'tasim, al-Wathiq, and al-Mutawakkil, from 836 until his downfall and death by torture in 847. Contents 1 Life 1.1 Career under al-Mu'tasim and al-Wathiq 1.2 Accession of al-Mutawakkil, downfall and death 2 References 3 Sources Life Muhammad ibn al-Zayyat belonged to a wealthy family of merchants. [1] The family was probably Persian. [2] His father, Abd al-Malik, had made a fortune as an oil trader (whence his sobriquet al-Zayyāt ) in Baghdad at the time of al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), and became involved in the lucrative government contracts for tents, ceremonial parasols ( al-mushammas ), and riding equipment. Muhammad succeeded his father in these activities. [3] [4] By the end of al-Mamun's reign, Ibn al-Zayyat had become secretary in the caliphal chancellery. [5] Career under al-Mu

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For the astronomical catalogue service, see VizieR. For the Vizier of ancient Egypt, see Vizier (Ancient Egypt). Not to be confused with visor. Seal of the Ottoman Grand Vizier Look up vizier in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A vizier ( / v ɪ ˈ z ɪər / , rarely / ˈ v ɪ z i ər / ; [1] Arabic: وزير ‬ ‎ wazīr ; Persian: وازیر ‬ ‎ vazīr ; Turkish: vezir ; Chinese: 宰相 zǎixiàng ; Bengali: উজির ujira ; Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu): वज़ीर or وزیر ‬ vazeer ; Punjabi: ਵਜ਼ੀਰ or وزير ‬ vazīra , sometimes spelt vazir , vizir , vasir , wazir , vesir or vezir ) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister. [2] The Abbasid caliphs gave the title wazir to a minister formerly called katib (secretary), who was at first merely a helper but afterwards became the representative and successor of the dapir (official scribe or secretary) of the Sassanian kings. [3] In modern usage, the term has been used for ministers in much of the Middle East and beyond. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Historical minist

For other uses, see Tigris (disambiguation). Tigris River About 100 km from its source, the Tigris enables rich agriculture outside Diyarbakır, Turkey. Countries Turkey, Syria, Iraq Tributaries  - right Wadi Tharthar Cities Diyarbakır, Mosul, Baghdad Source Lake Hazar  - elevation 1,150 m (3,773 ft)  - coordinates 38°29′0″N 39°25′0″E  /  38.48333°N 39.41667°E  / 38.48333; 39.41667 Mouth Shatt al-Arab  - location Al-Qurnah, Basra Governorate , Iraq Length 1,850 km (1,150 mi) Basin 375,000 km 2 (144,788 sq mi) Discharge for Baghdad  - average 1,014 m 3 /s (35,809 cu ft/s)  - max 2,779 m 3 /s (98,139 cu ft/s)  - min 337 m 3 /s (11,901 cu ft/s) Map of the Tigris-Euphrates basin area [1]   [2] Batman River The Tigris ( / ˈ t aɪ ɡ r ɪ s / ; Sumerian: 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idigna or Idigina ; Akkadian: 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idiqlat ; Arabic: دجلة ‎ Dijlah [didʒlah] ; Syriac: ܕܹܩܠܵܬ ‎ Deqlaṯ ; Armenian: Տիգրիս Tigris ; Դգլաթ Dglatʿ ; Hebrew: חידקל ‬ Ḥîddeqel , biblical Hiddekel ; Turkish: Dicle ; Kurdish: