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Distinguished Conduct Medal
Queen Victoria version
Awarded by the Monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Country	United Kingdom
Type	Military decoration for bravery
Eligibility	Other Ranks
Awarded for	Gallantry in the field
Status	Discontinued in 1993
Post-nominals	DCM
Statistics
Established	4 Dec 1854
First awarded	1855
Last awarded	1993
Total awarded	30,200+[1]
Order of Wear
Next (higher)	Air Force Cross
Equivalent	Distinguished Conduct Medal (Natal)
Next (lower)	Conspicuous Gallantry Medal
Related	Distinguished Service Order
Ribbon bar without and with rosette to indicate award of a Bar

The Distinguished Conduct Medal, post-nominal letters DCM, was established in 1854 by Queen Victoria as a decoration for gallantry in the field by other ranks of the British Army. It is the oldest British award for gallantry and was a second level military decoration, until it was discontinued in 1993. The medal was also awarded to non-commissioned military personnel of other Commonwealth Dominions and Colonies.^[2][3][4]

Institution

The Distinguished Conduct Medal was instituted by Royal Warrant on 4 December 1854, during the Crimean War, as an award to Warrant Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers and men of the British Army for "distinguished, gallant and good conduct in the field". For all ranks below commissioned officers, it was the second highest award for gallantry in action after the Victoria Cross, and the other ranks' equivalent of the Distinguished Service Order, which was awarded only to commissioned officers. Prior to the institution of this decoration, there had been no official medal awarded by the British Crown in recognition of individual acts of gallantry in the Army.^{[2][3][4][5][6]}

The Meritorious Service Medal, established in 1845 to reward long serving Warrant Officers and Sergeants, was very occasionally awarded for gallantry in action before 1854, although this was not the medal's main purpose.^[7][8] One prior award specifically for acts of gallantry by other ranks was the unofficial Sir Harry Smith's Medal for Gallantry, instituted by Major General Sir Harry Smith in 1851. Although the British government initially disapproved of Sir Harry's institution of the medal, it subsequently paid for it and thereby gave it recognition, but not official status.^[9][10][11]

The Distinguished Conduct Medal was awarded with a gratuity, that varied in amount depending on rank, given on the recipient's discharge from the Army.^[12]

Since January 1918 recipients have been entitled to the post-nominal letters DCM.^[12]

A bar to the medal, introduced in 1881, could be awarded in recognition of each subsequent act of distinguished conduct for which the medal would have been awarded.^[2][13][14]

During the First World War, concern arose that the overwhelming number of medals which were being awarded would devalue the prestige of those already awarded. The Military Medal for bravery in battle on land was therefore instituted on 25 March 1916, as an alternative award to the Distinguished Conduct Medal. The lesser Military Medal was usually awarded for bravery from this date and the Distinguished Conduct Medal was reserved for exceptional acts of bravery.^[5][13][14] Around 25,000 Distinguished Conduct Medals were awarded during the First World War, while approximately 1,900 were awarded during the Second World War.^[2]

Eligibility

The Distinguished Conduct Medal could also be awarded to military personnel serving in any of the Sovereign's forces in the British Empire, although members of the Indian Army remained ineligible since they could receive the Indian Order of Merit and, from 1907, the Indian Distinguished Service Medal.^[12] It remained an exclusively Army award until 1942, when other ranks of the Royal Navy, Royal Air Force and the Navies and Air Forces of the Dominions and Colonies also became eligible.^[3][6]

Adoption

In May 1894, Queen Victoria authorised Colonial governments to adopt various military medals and to award them to their local military forces. The Colony of Natal and the Cape Colony introduced this system in August and September 1894 respectively, and the Transvaal Colony followed in December 1902. In South Africa, these colonial medals, which ranked on par with their British counterparts in the order of wear, were in use until June 1913, when the first medals for the Union Defence Forces were introduced in the Union of South Africa.^[15][16]

Other territories which made use of the opportunity were Australia, Canada and New Zealand. In respect of the Distinguished Conduct Medal, two territorial versions are known to have been awarded, both King Edward VII versions. The Distinguished Conduct Medal (Natal) and Distinguished Conduct Medal (Canada) were awarded by the respective governments and have, respectively, the territorial inscriptions "NATAL" and "CANADA" on the reverse, in a curved line above the regular inscription.^[3][15]

A territorial version of the Distinguished Conduct Medal was also approved for the Union of South Africa in 1913, but was never awarded. More than 300 members of the Union Defence Forces were awarded the applicable British versions of the decoration during the two World Wars.^[16]

Discontinuation

In the aftermath of the 1993 review of the British honours system, which formed part of the drive to remove distinctions of rank in respect of awards for bravery, the Distinguished Conduct Medal was discontinued, as was the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal and the award, specifically for gallantry, of the Distinguished Service Order. These three decorations were replaced by the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross, to serve as the second level award for gallantry for all ranks of all the Arms of the Service.^[5][13][14]

Order of wear

In the order of wear prescribed by the British Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood, the Distinguished Conduct Medal ranks on par with the Distinguished Conduct Medal (Natal) and takes precedence after the Air Force Cross and before the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal.^[17]

Description

King Edward VII version

King George V version 1

King George V version 2

King George VI version 1

Queen Elizabeth II version

Second award bar, design from mid-1916

The medal was struck in silver and is a disk, 36 millimetres (1.4 inches) in diameter and 3 millimetres (0.12 inches) thick. The suspender of all versions is of an ornamented scroll pattern. The manner of attachment of the suspender to the medal varied between medal versions and, on early versions, allows the medal to swivel.
All medals awarded bear the recipient’s number, rank, name and unit on the rim.^[2][3]

Obverse

There were eight variants of the obverse:^[18]

The original Victorian obverse shows a Trophy of Arms, designed by Benedetto Pistrucci,^[12] incorporating a central shield bearing the Royal Coat of Arms without any inscription, as also seen on early Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal. From 1902, after the accession of King Edward VII, the effigy of the reigning monarch replaced the trophy of arms, with the respective titles of the monarch inscribed around the perimeter:^[2][13]

• King Edward VII – "EDWARDVS VII REX IMPERATOR".


• King George V, bareheaded – "GEORGIVS V BRITT: OMN: REX ET IND: IMP:".


• King George V, crowned – "GEORGIVS•V•D•G•BRITT•OMN•REX•ET•INDIÆ•IMP•". Issued for awards in the 1930s.


• King George VI – There were two versions, with those inscribed "GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR OMN REX ET INDIAE IMP:" awarded during the Second World War and immediately after, and "GEORGIVS VI DEI GRA: BRITT: OMN: REX FID: DEF:" current from the late 1940's. This second type was awarded, instead of the Elizabeth II version, to Canadians during the Korean War.^[3]


• Queen Elizabeth II – Two versions, with those inscribed "ELIZABETH II D:G:BR:OMN: REGINA F:D:" awarded in the mid-1950s and "ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F.D" awarded thereafter until 1993.

Reverse

The reverse of all versions is smooth, with a raised rim, and bears the inscription "FOR DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT IN THE FIELD" in four lines, underlined by a laurel wreath between two spear blades.^[2]

Bars

The bar for a second or subsequent award is straight and also of silver. Bars awarded between 1881 and mid-1916 bear the month and year of the subsequent award, while those awarded after mid-1916 bear a laurel-spray and no date. In undress uniform or on occasions when only ribbon bars are worn, a silver rosette is worn on the ribbon bar to indicate the award of each bar.^{[2][13][14][19]}

Ribbon

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and dark crimson, with a 10 millimetres wide navy blue band in the centre.^[2][3]

Recipients

All awards of the Distinguished Conduct Medal were notified in the London Gazette and, during the First World War, citations were generally also published.

From 1854 to 1914 3,529 medals and 13 second award bars were awarded. Of these, about 808 medals were awarded for the Crimean War and 2,092 for the Second Boer War, with some of the latter being the Edward VII version.^[2] During the Boer War, six medals were awarded posthumously and six dated bars were awarded, three of them to recipients who had won their first Distinguished Conduct Medal in this war.^[20][1]

For the First World War, 24,591 medals as well as 472 first bars and nine second bars were awarded, with 46 further awards for the period 1920-39. For the Second World War, 1,891 medals and nine first bars were awarded. A total of 153 awards were made between 1947 and 1979, including 45 to Australian and New Zealand forces for service in Vietnam.^[2][21]

Honorary awards of the Distinguished Conduct Medal were made to members of allied forces, including at least 3,437 for the First World War and 107 for the Second World War.^[21]

Australia

Beginning in the Second Boer War, the Distinguished Conduct Medal has been awarded to 2,071 members of the Australian Army and to three members of the Royal Australian Air Force. Thirty first Bars were awarded, all to members of the Army and the majority for actions during the First World War. The last award to an Australian was made in 1972, arising from the Vietnam War.^[6]

Canada

The medal was first awarded to a Canadian on 19 April 1901. Altogether, there were 2,132 awards to Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force personnel, 38 first Bars and one second Bar.^[3]

New Zealand

Between 1899 and 1970, 525 awards of the Distinguished Conduct Medal were made to New Zealanders.^[4]

South Africa

More than 300 Distinguished Conduct Medals were awarded to South Africans during the two World Wars.^[16]

See also

• Distinguished Conduct Medal (Natal)


• Orders and decorations of the Commonwealth realms


• Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal

References

Further reading

• 
  Abbott, Peter E. Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal, 1855–1909, A List with other Details of all who Received the Medal before the Outbreak of World War 1. ISBN 0903754096. 
  


• 
  Abbott, Peter E.; Tamplin, John (1981). British Gallantry Awards (2nd ed.). Nimrod Dix and Co, London. ISBN 9780902633742. 
  


• 
  Duckers, Peter (2001). British Gallantry Awards 1855–2000. Shire Publications, Risborough, Buckinghamshire, UK. ISBN 9780747805168. 
  


• 
  Mussel, John W. (ed.). Medals Yearbook 2015. Token Publishing, Honiton, Devon. ISBN 9781908828163. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
  


• 
  Walker, Robert (1981). Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal 1914–1920. ISBN 090745500X.