Gryllacrididae

















Gryllacrididae


File:Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogvPlay media


Hyalogryllacris sp. fabricating silk

Scientific classification e
Kingdom:
Animalia

Clade:
Euarthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Orthoptera
Suborder:
Ensifera
Superfamily:
Stenopelmatoidea
Family:
Gryllacrididae
Blanchard, 1845
Subfamilies

  • Gryllacridinae

  • Lezininae

Gryllacrididae are a family of non-jumping insects in the suborder Ensifera occurring worldwide, known commonly as leaf-rolling crickets or raspy crickets. The family historically has been broadly defined to include what are presently several other families, such as Stenopelmatidae ("Jerusalem crickets") and Rhaphidophoridae ("camel crickets"),[1] now considered separate. As presently defined, the family contains two subfamilies, with the vast majority (over 90 genera containing over 600 species) in the subfamily Gryllacridinae.[2] The remaining subfamily, Lezininae, contains only a single genus with 12 described species.[3][4] They are commonly wingless and nocturnal. In the daytime, most species rest in shelters made from folded leaves sewn with silk. Some species use silk to burrow in sand, earth or wood.[5] Raspy crickets evolved the ability to produce silk independently from other insects, but their silk has many convergent features to silkworm silk, being made of long, repetitive proteins with an extended beta-sheet structure.[6]


These are predators of other insects and spiders.[7]




Contents





  • 1 Taxonomy


  • 2 Fossil Taxa


  • 3 References


  • 4 External links




Taxonomy


The Orthoptera Species File database lists the following subfamilies and genera:[8]



Subfamily Gryllacridinae


  • Aancistroger

  • Abelona

  • Acanthogryllacris

  • Afroepacra

  • Afrogryllacris

  • Afroneanias

  • Ametroides

  • Ametrosomus

  • Ametrus

  • Amphibologryllacris

  • Anancistrogera

  • Ancistrogera

  • Aphanogryllacris

  • Apotrechus

  • Apterolarnaca

  • Apteronomus

  • Arrolla

  • Asarcogryllacris

  • Atychogryllacris

  • Australogryllacris

  • Barombogryllacris

  • Bothriogryllacris

  • Brachybaenus

  • Brachyntheisogryllacris

  • Camptonotus

  • Capnogryllacris

  • Caustogryllacris

  • Celebogryllacris

  • Celeboneanias

  • Chauliogryllacris

  • Cooraboorama

  • Craspedogryllacris

  • Cyanogryllacris

  • Dialarnaca

  • Diaphanogryllacris

  • Dibelona

  • Dinolarnaca

  • Echidnogryllacris

  • Epacra

  • Eremus

  • Erythrogryllacris

  • Eugryllacris

  • Furcilarnaca

  • Giganteremus

  • Gigantogryllacris

  • Glenogryllacris

  • Glomeremus

  • Gryllacris

  • Hadrogryllacris

  • Haplogryllacris

  • Heterogryllacris

  • Homogryllacris

  • Hyalogryllacris

  • Hyperbaenus

  • Idiolarnaca

  • Kinemania

  • Larnaca

  • Lyperogryllacris

  • Marthogryllacris

  • Melaneremus

  • Melanogryllacris

  • Metriogryllacris

  • Microlarnaca

  • Mooracra

  • Nannogryllacris

  • Neanias

  • Neoeremus

  • Neolarnaca

  • Nesogryllacris

  • Niphetogryllacris

  • Nippancistroger

  • Nullanullia

  • Nunkeria

  • Ocellarnaca

  • Otidiogryllacris

  • Papuogryllacris

  • Papuoneanias

  • Paragryllacris

  • Pardogryllacris

  • Pareremus

  • Phlebogryllacris

  • Phryganogryllacris

  • Pissodogryllacris

  • Progryllacris

  • Prosopogryllacris

  • Pseuderemus

  • Psilogryllacris

  • Pterapothrechus

  • Siderogryllacris

  • Solomogryllacris

  • Stictogryllacris

  • Triaenogryllacris

  • Tytthogryllacris

  • Urogryllacris

  • Wirritina

  • Woznessenskia

  • Xanthogryllacris

  • Xiphogryllacris

  • Zalarnaca

Subfamily Lezininae


  • Lezina


Fossil Taxa



  • Plesiolarnaca †


  • Pseudogryllacris †


References




  1. ^ Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (2003). "Phylogeny and the evolution of acoustic communication in extant Ensifera (Insecta, Orthoptera)" (PDF). Zoologica Scripta. 32: 525–561. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00142.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-12. 


  2. ^ "Orthoptera Species File- Gryllacrididae". 


  3. ^ "Orthoptera Species File - Lezininae". 


  4. ^ Legendre, F.; Robillard, T.; Song H.; Whiting, M. F. & Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (2010). "One hundred years of instability in ensiferan relationships" (PDF). Systematic Entomology. 35: 475–488. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00519.x. 


  5. ^ Rentz, D.C.F.; John, B. (1990). "Studies in Australian Gryllacrididae: taxonomy, biology, ecology and cytology". Invertebrate taxonomy. 3: 1052–1210. doi:10.1071/IT9891053. 


  6. ^ Walker AA, Weisman S, Church JS, Merritt DJ, Mudie ST, Sutherland TD (2012). "Silk from Crickets: A New Twist on Spinning". PLoS ONE. 7: e30408. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030408. PMC 3280245 Freely accessible. PMID 22355311. 


  7. ^ [1]


  8. ^ "Family Gryllacrididae". Orthoptera Species File. Retrieved 9 May 2015. 




External links







  • Lockwood, Jeffrey A. (January–February 2006). "The Nature of Violence". Orion Magazine.  Article discussing Gryllacrididae and its behavior





The name of the pictureThe name of the pictureThe name of the pictureClash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP
-

Popular posts from this blog

Rothschild family

Image
"House of Rothschild" redirects here. For the film, see The House of Rothschild. For other uses, see Rothschild (disambiguation). Rothschild Jewish noble banking family Coat of arms granted to the Barons Rothschild in 1822 by Emperor Francis I of Austria Ethnicity Jewish Current region Western Europe (mainly United Kingdom, France, and Germany) [1] Etymology Rothschild (German): "red shield" Place of origin Frankfurter Judengasse, Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire Founded 1760s (1577  ( 1577 ) ) Founder Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812) (Elchanan Rothschild, b. 1577) Titles List Freiherr von Rothschild (1822) Baronet, of Tring Park (1847) Baron Rothschild (1885) Traditions Judaism, Goût Rothschild Motto Concordia, Integritas, Industria (English: Harmony, Integrity, Industry ) Estate(s) List British properties Château de Ferrières Palais Rothschild Cadet branches List Austrian branch English branch French branch Neapolitan branch A Rothschild house,...
Read more

Cinema of Italy

Image
Cinema of Italy Some of the notable actors and filmmakers [a] No. of screens 3,217 (2011) [1]  • Per capita 5.9 per 100,000 (2011) [1] Main distributors Medusa Film (16.7%) Warner Bros. (13.8%) 20th Century Fox (13.7%) [2] Produced feature films (2013) [3] Total 167 Number of admissions (2013) [3] Total 97,380,572  • Per capita 1.50 (2012) [4] National films 30,208,422 (31.0%) Gross box office (2013) [3] Total €618 million National films €188 million (30.5%) The Cinema of Italy comprises the films made within Italy or by Italian directors. Since the development of the Italian film industry in the early 1900s, Italian filmmakers and performers have, at times, experienced both domestic and international success, and have influenced film movements throughout the world. As of 2014, Italian films have won 14 Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, the most of any country, as well as 12 Palmes d'Or, the second-most ...
Read more