Rhizobium
| Rhizobium | |
|---|---|
 | |
Rhizobium tropici on an agar plate. | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
| Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Rhizobiales |
| Family: | Rhizobiaceae |
| Genus: | Rhizobium Frank 1889 |
Type species | |
Rhizobium leguminosarum | |
| Species[1] | |
See text. | |
Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of legumes and Parasponia.
The bacteria colonize plant cells within root nodules, where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and then provide organic nitrogenous compounds such as glutamine or ureides to the plant. The plant, in turn, provides the bacteria with organic compounds made by photosynthesis.[2] This mutually beneficial relationship is true of all of the rhizobia, of which the genus Rhizobium is a typical example.
Contents
1 History
2 Research
3 Species
4 Phylogeny
5 References
6 External links
History
Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate and cultivate a microorganism from the nodules of legumes in 1888. He named it Bacillus radicicola, which is now placed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology under the genus Rhizobium.
Research
Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship with certain plants such as legumes, fixing nitrogen from the air into ammonia, which acts as a natural fertilizer for the plants. Current research is being conducted by Agricultural Research Service microbiologists to discover a way to use Rhizobium’s biological nitrogen fixation. This research involves the genetic mapping of various rhizobial species with their respective symbiotic plant species, like alfalfa or soybean. The goal of this research is to increase the plants’ productivity without using fertilizers.[3]
In molecular biology, Rhizobium has also been identified as a contaminant of DNA extraction kit reagents and ultrapure water systems, which may lead to its erroneous appearance in microbiota or metagenomic datasets.[4] The presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria as contaminants may be due to the use of nitrogen gas in ultra-pure water production to inhibit microbial growth in storage tanks.[5]
Species
Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al. 2016
Rhizobium aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011[6]
Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009
Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al. 2016
Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al. 2015
Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al. 2015
Rhizobium azibense Mnasri et al. 2014
Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al. 2016
Rhizobium bangladeshense Harun-or Rashid et al. 2015- symbiovar trifolii
- symbiovar viciae
- symbiovar trifolii
Rhizobium binae Harun-or Rashid et al. 2015
Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
Rhizobium capsici Lin et al. 2015
Rhizobium cauense Liu et al. 2015
Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
Rhizobium daejeonense Quan et al. 2005
Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al. 2015
Rhizobium endolithicum Parag et al. 2014
Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2010
Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993[7]- symbiovar mimosae
- symbiovar phaseoli
- symbiovar mimosae
Rhizobium fabae Tian et al. 2008
Rhizobium flavum Gu et al. 2014
Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et all. 2013
Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997- symbiovar gallicum[8]
- symbiovar orientale[9]
- symbiovar phaseoli[8]
Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al. 2011
Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997
Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012
Rhizobium halotolerans Diange and Lee 2013[10]
Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
Rhizobium kunmingense Shen et al. 2010
Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014
Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889- symbiovar trifolii
- symbiovar viciae
- symbiovar trifolii
Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana & Thawai 2014
Rhizobium lentis Harun-or Rashid et al. 2015
Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2011
Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003
Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
"Candidatus Rhizobium massiliae" Greub et al. 2004.
Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2011
Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al. 2015
Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008
Rhizobium mongolense Herr Baronn O. Vonn Berkum et al. 1998[9]
Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008
Rhizobium naphthalenivorans Kaiya et al. 2012
Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al. 2015
Rhizobium pakistanensis Khalid et al. 2014
Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al. 2014
Rhizobium petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012
Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926 emend. Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
Rhizobium phenanthrenilyticum Wen et al. 2011
Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008- symbiovar trifolii[11]
- symbiovar viciae[11]
Rhizobium pongamiae Kesari et al. 2013[12]
Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al. 2014
Rhizobium qilianshanense Xu et al. 2013[13]
Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001
Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al. 2014
Rhizobium rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011
Rhizobium selenitireducens corrig. Hunter et al. 2008
Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al. 2014
Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010
Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al. 2014
Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al. 2014
Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al. 2014
Rhizobium subbaraonis Ramana et al. 2013
Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002
Rhizobium tarimense Turdahon et al. 2012[14]
Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011
Rhizobium vallis Wang et all. 2011[15]
Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001[9]
Rhizobium yantingense Chen et al. 2015
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[16]
and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project.[17]
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References
^ ab J.P. Euzéby. "Rhizobium". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Archived from the original on 2012-05-23. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
^ Sawada H, Kuykendall LD, Young JM (2003). "Changing concepts in the systematics of bacterial nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts". J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 49 (3): 155–79. doi:10.2323/jgam.49.155. PMID 12949698.
^ "Marvelous Microbe Collections Accelerate Discoveries To Protect People, Plants—and More!". Agricultural Research. United States Department of Agriculture. January 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
^ Salter, S; Cox, M; Turek, E; Calus, S; Cookson, W; Moffatt, M; Turner, P; Parkhill, J; Loman, N; Walker, A (2014). "Reagent contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses". bioRxiv 007187
.
^ Kulakov, L; McAlister, M; Ogden, K; Larkin, M; O'Hanlon, J (2002). "Analysis of Bacteria Contaminating Ultrapure Water in Industrial Systems". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 68: 1548–1555. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.4.1548-1555.2002. PMC 123900. PMID 11916667.
^ NOTE: This strain was formerly named Blastobacter aggregatus.
^ NOTE: This species was formerly known as R. leguminosarum sv. phaseoli.
^ ab Amarger N, Macheret V, Laguerre G (1997). "Rhizobium gallicum sp. nov. and Rhizobium giardinii sp. nov., from Phaseolus vulgaris nodules". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 (4): 996–1006. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-4-996. PMID 9336898.
^ abc NOTE: R. gallicum and R. mongolense are 99.2% identical in their rDNA and may be the same species. It has been proposed by Silva et al. that R. mongolense and R. yanglingense be reclassified as R. gallicum sv. orientale.
^ Diange, E. A.; Lee, S. S. (2013). "Rhizobium halotolerans sp. nov., Isolated from Chloroethylenes Contaminated Soil". Current Microbiology. 66 (6): 599–605. doi:10.1007/s00284-013-0313-x. PMID 23377488.
^ ab Marek-Kozaczuk M, Leszcz A, Wielbo J, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Skorupska A (2013). "Rhizobium pisi sv. trifolii K3.22 harboring nod genes of the Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. trifolii cluster". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 36 (4): 252–8. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2013.01.005. PMID 23507586.
^ Kesari, V.; Ramesh, A. M.; Rangan, L. (2013). "Rhizobium pongamiae sp. nov. From Root Nodules of Pongamia pinnata". BioMed Research International. 2013: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2013/165198.
^ Xu, Lin; Zhang, Yong; Deng, Zheng Shan; Zhao, Liang; Wei, Xiu Li; Wei, Ge Hong (2013). "Rhizobium qilianshanense sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodule of *Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge in China". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 103 (3): 559–565. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9840-x.
^ Turdahon M, Osman G, Hamdun M, Yusuf K, Abdurehim Z, Abaydulla G, Abdukerim M, Fang C, Rahman E (2012). "Rhizobium tarimense sp. nov. isolated from soil in the ancient Khiyik river of Xinjiang, China". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 63 (Pt 7): 2424–9. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.042176-0. PMID 23203621.
^ Fang Wang; En Tao Wang; Li Juan Wu; Xin Hua Sui; Ying Li Jr. & Wen Xin Chen (2011). "Rhizobium vallis sp. nov., isolated from nodules of three leguminous species". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61 (11): 2582–2588. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.026484-0. PMID 21131504.
^ Sayers; et al. "Rhizobium/Agrobacterium group". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
^ All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
^ This is the type species for the genus.
^ Arthrobacter viscosus is currently classified in the Micrococcaceae. See Arthrobacter.
External links
Current research on Rhizobium leguminosarum at the Norwich Research Park- Video and commentary on root nodules and Rhizobium in White Clover
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