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Ski jumping

Peter Prevc in Titisee-Neustadt, 2016
Highest governing body	International Ski Federation (FIS)
First played	22 November 1808 Olaf Rye, Eidsberg church, Eidsberg, Norway
Characteristics
Team members	M Individual (50) L Individual (40) Team event (4)
Type	Nordic skiing
Equipment	Skis
Venue	Ski jumping hill
Presence
Olympic	1924 (men) 2014 (women)
World Championships	1925 (men's nordic) 1972 (ski flying) 2009 (women's nordic)

Ski jumping is a winter sport in which competitors aim to achieve the longest jump after descending from a specially designed ramp on their skis. Along with jump length, competitor's style and other factors affect the final score. Ski jumping was first contested in Norway in the late 19th century, and later spread through Europe and North America in the early 20th century. Along with cross-country skiing, it constitutes the traditional group of Nordic skiing disciplines.

The ski jumping venue, commonly referred to as a hill, consists of the jumping ramp (in-run), take-off table, and a landing hill. Each jump is evaluated according to the distance traveled and the style performed. The distance score is related to the construction point (also known as the K-point), which is a line drawn in the landing area and serves as a "target" for the competitors to reach.^[1] The score of each judge evaluating the style can reach a maximum of 20 points. The jumping technique has evolved over the years, from jumps with the parallel skis with both arms pointing forwards, to the "V-style", which is widely used today.

Ski jumping has been included at the Winter Olympics since 1924 and at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships since 1925. Women's participation in the sport began in the 1990s, while the first women's event at the Olympics has been held in 2014. All major ski jumping competitions are organised by the International Ski Federation. Stefan Kraft holds the official record for the world's longest ski jump with 253.5 metres (832 ft), set on the ski flying hill in Vikersund in 2017.^[2] Ski jumping can also be performed in the summer on an in-run where the tracks are made from porcelain and the grass on the slope is covered with water-soaked plastic. The highest level summer competition is the FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix, contested since 1994.

History

Olaf Rye

Like most of the Nordic skiing disciplines, the first ski jumping competitions were held in Norway in the 19th century, although there is evidence of ski jumping in the late 18th century. The recorded origins of the first ski jump trace back to 1808, when Olaf Rye reached 9.5 m (31 ft). Sondre Norheim, who is regarded as the "father" of the modern ski jumping, won the first-ever ski jumping competition with prizes, which was held in Høydalsmo in 1866.

The first larger ski jumping competition was held on Husebyrennet hill in Oslo, Norway, in 1875. The event was moved to Holmenkollen in 1892 due to the poor infrastructure and the weather conditions, and is today still one of the main ski jumping events in the season.

In the late 19th century, Sondre Norheim and Nordic skier Karl Hovelsen immigrated to the United States and started developing the sport in that country. In 1924, ski jumping was featured at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. The sport has been featured at the every Olympics since.

Ski jumping was brought to Canada by Norwegian immigrant Nels Nelsen. Starting with his example in 1915 until the late 1960s, annual ski jumping competitions were held on Mount Revelstoke — the ski hill Nelsen designed — the longest period of any Canadian ski jumping venue. Revelstoke's was the biggest natural ski jump hill in Canada and internationally recognized as one of the best in North America. The length and natural grade of its 600 m (2,000 ft) hill made possible jumps of over 60 m (200 ft)—the longest in Canada. It was also the only hill in Canada where world ski jumping records were set, in 1916, 1921, 1925, 1932, and 1933^[3]

In 1935, the origins of the ski flying began in Planica, Slovenia, where Josef Bradl became the first competitor in history to jump over 100 m (330 ft). At the same venue, the first official jump over 200 m (660 ft) was achieved in 1994, when Toni Nieminen landed at 203 metres.^[4]

In 1964 in Zakopane, Poland, the large hill event was introduced at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. In the same year, the normal hill event was included on the Olympic programme at the 1964 Winter Olympics. The team event was added later, at the 1988 Winter Olympics.

In 1990, qualifiers for the main event were introduced to limit the number of competitors.

Rules

Hills

Model of the ski jumping hill. A-B = point of departure ; t = take-off zone; HS = total length of the hill; P-L = landing area; K = K-point.

A ski jumping hill is located on a steep slope, and it consists of the jumping ramp (in-run), take-off table, and a landing hill. Competitors glide down from a common point at the top of the in'run, achieving considerable speeds at the take-off table, where they take off with help of speed and their own leap. While airborne, they maintain an aerodynamic position with their bodies and skis, that would allow them to maximize the length of the jump. The landing slope is constructed so that the jumper's trajectory is near-parallel with it, and the athlete's relative height to the ground is gradually lost, allowing for a gentle and safe landing. The landing space is followed by an out-run, a substantial flat or counter-inclined area that permits the skier to safely slow down.^[5] The out-run area is fenced and surrounded by a public auditorium.

The slopes are classified according to the distance that the competitors travel in the air, between the end of the table and the landing. Each hill has a construction point (K-point), which serves as a "target" that the competitors should reach. The classification of the hills are as follows:^[6]

Scoring system

Competitors are ranked according to a numerical score obtained by adding up components based on distance, style, inrun length (gate factor) and wind conditions. In the individual event, the scores from each skier's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner.

Distance score depends on the hill's K-point. For K-90 and K-120 competitions, the K-point is set at 90 metres and 120 metres, respectively. Competitors are awarded 60 points (normal and large hills) and 120 points (flying hills) if they land on the K-point. For every metre beyond the K-point, the competitor is awarded extra points; the typical value is 2 points per metre in small hills, 1.8 points in large hills and 1.2 points in ski flying hills. A competitor's distance is measured between the takeoff and the point where the feet came in full contact with the landing slope (for abnormal landings, touchpoint of one foot, or another body part is considered). Jumps are measured with accuracy of 0.5 metres for all competitions. ^[7]:64–65

Telemark landing

During the competition, five judges are based in a tower to the side of the expected landing point. They can award up to 20 points each for jumping style, based on keeping the skis steady during flight, balance, optimal body position, and landing. The highest and lowest style scores are disregarded, with the remaining three scores added to the distance score.^[8]

Gate and wind factors were introduced by the 2009 rules, to allow fairer comparison of results for a scoring compensation for variable outdoor conditions. Aerodynamics and take-off speed are important variables that affect the jump length, and if weather conditions change during a competition, the conditions will not be the same for all competitors. Gate factor is an adjustment made when the inrun (or start gate) length is adjusted from the initial position in order to provide optimal take-off speed. Since higher gates result in higher take-off speeds, and therefore present an advantage to competitors, points are subtracted when the starting gate is moved up, and added when the gate is lowered. An advanced calculation also determines compensation points for the actual unequal wind conditions at the time of the jump. These points are added or withdrawn from the original scores of the individual jump according to the wind conditions; when there is back wind, the points are added, and when there is front wind, the points are subtracted. Wind speed and direction are measured at five different points based on average value, which is determined before every competition.^[9]

If two or more competitors finish the competition with the same number of points, they are given the same placing and receive same prizes.^[6]
Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalized with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximize the distance they can achieve.^[10] In order to prevent an unfair advantage due to a "sailing" effect of the ski jumping suit, material, thickness and relative size of the suit are regulated.^[11]

Techniques

Kongsberger technique

Each jump is divided into four parts: in-run, take-off (jump), flight, and landing.

By using the V-style, firstly pioneered by Swedish ski jumper Jan Boklöv in the mid-1980s,^[12] skiers are able to exceed the distance of the take-off hill by about 10% compared to the previous technique with parallel skis.^{[citation needed]} Previous techniques included the Kongsberger technique, the Däescher technique and the Windisch technique.^[12] Until the mid-1960s, the ski jumper came down the in-run of the hill with both arms pointing forwards. This changed when the Däscher technique was pioneered by Andreas Däscher in the 1950s, as a modification of the Kongsberger and Windisch techniques. A lesser-used technique as of 2017 is the H-style which is essentially a combination of the parallel and V-styles, in which the skis are spread very wide apart and held parallel in an "H" shape. It is prominently used by Domen Prevc.

The landing requires the skiers to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style (Norwegian: telemarksnedslag), named after the Norwegian county of Telemark. This involves the jumper landing with one foot in front of the other, mimicking the style of Telemark skiing. Failure to comply with this regulation leads to the deduction of style points, issued by the judges.^[6][13]

Major competitions

All major ski jumping competitions are organized by the International Ski Federation.

Winter Olympic Games

The large hill ski jumping event was included at the Winter Olympic Games for the first time in 1924, and has been contested at every Winter Olympics since then.^[14] The normal hill event was added in 1964. Since 1992, the normal hill event is contested at the K-90 size hill; previously, it was contested at the K-60 hill.^[14] Women's debuted at the Winter Olympics in 2014.^[15]

World Ski Championships

A ski jumper after landing on a hill equipped for summer events

The ski jumping at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was firstly contested in 1925. The team event was introduced in 1982, while the women's event was firstly held in 2009.

Ski Flying World Championships

The FIS Ski Flying World Championships was firstly contested in 1972 in Planica.^[16]

World Cup

The FIS Ski Jumping World Cup is contested since the 1979–80 season.^[17]

Four Hills Tournament

The Four Hills Tournament is contested since the 1952–53 season.^[18]

Other competitions

Other competitions, organised by the International Ski Federation, include the FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix, Continental Cup, FIS Cup, FIS Race, and Alpen Cup.

Ranked by level

Women's participation

In January 1863 in Trysil, Norway, at that time 16 years old Norwegian Ingrid Olsdatter Vestby, became the first-ever known female ski jumper, who participated in the competition. Her distance is not recorded.^[19]

Women began competing at the high level since the 2004–05 Continental Cup season.^[20]International Ski Federation organized three women's team events in this competition and so far the only team events in history of women's ski jumping.

Sara Takanashi is the most successful female ski jumper, winning the World Cup title on four occasions.

Women's made a premiere FIS Nordic World Ski Championships performance in 2009 in Liberec.^[20] The first world champion became American ski jumper Lindsey Van.^[21]

In the 2011–12 season, women competed for the first time in the World Cup. The first event was held on 3 December 2011 at Lysgårdsbakken at normal hill in
Lillehammer, Norway. The first-ever female World Cup winner was Sarah Hendrickson,^[22] who also became the inaugural women's World Cup overall champion.^[23] Previously, women had only competed in Continental Cup seasons.

2014: Olympic Games

In 2006, the International Ski Federation proposed that women could compete at the 2010 Winter Olympics,^[24] but the proposal was rejected by the IOC because of the low number of athletes and participating countries at the time.^[25]

A group of fifteen competitive female ski jumpers later filed a suit against the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games on the grounds that it violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms since men were competing.^[26][27] The suit failed, with the judge ruling that the situation was not governed by the charter.

A further milestone was reached when women's ski jumping was included as part of the 2014 Winter Olympics at normal hill event. The first Olympic champion was Carina Vogt.^[15]

Historic jumps

Sepp Bradl became the first ski jumper to surpass 100 metres in 1936.

In 2003, Daniela Iraschko became the only female ski jumper in history to reach 200 metres.

Note: Only official results are listed, invalid jumps are not included.

Men

First jump	Date		Country	Hill	Place	Meters	Yards	Feet
in history	22/11/1808	Olaf Rye	Denmark–Norway	Eidsberg church	Eidsberg, Norway	9.5	10.4	31
over 50 metres	16/02/1913	Ragnar Omtvedt	United States	Wolverine Hill	Ironwood, Michigan, United States	51.5	56.3	169
over 100 metres	15/03/1936	Sepp Bradl	Austria	Bloudkova velikanka	Planica, Kingdom of Yugoslavia	101.5	111.0	340
over 150 metres	11/02/1967	Lars Grini	Norway	Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze	Oberstdorf, West Germany	150.0	164.0	492
over 200 metres	17/03/1994	Toni Nieminen	Finland	Velikanka bratov Gorišek	Planica, Slovenia	203.0	222.0	666
over 250 metres	14/02/2015	Peter Prevc	Slovenia	Vikersundbakken	Vikersund, Norway	250.0	273.4	820

Women

First jump	Date		Country	Hill	Place	Meters	Yards	Feet
in history	1863	Ingrid Olsdatter Vestby	Norway	Nordbybakken	Trysil, Norway	unknown
over 50 meters	1932	Johanne Kolstad	Norway	Gråkallbakken	Trondheim, Norway	62.0	67.8	203
over 100 meters	29/03/1981	Tiina Lehtola	Finland	Rukatunturi	Kuusamo, Finland	110.0	120.3	361
over 150 meters	05/02/1994	Eva Ganster	Austria	Kulm	Tauplitz/Bad Mitterndorf, Austria	161.0	176.1	528
over 200 meters	29/01/2003	Daniela Iraschko	Austria	Kulm	Tauplitz/Bad Mitterndorf, Austria	200.0	218.7	656

Tandem

First jump	Date		Country	Hill	Place	Meters	Yards	Feet
in history[28]	18/02/2016	Rok Urbanc Jaka Rus	Slovenia  Slovenia	Planica Nordic Center HS45	Planica, Slovenia	35.0	38.3	115

Perfect score jumps: 5 x 20

Those who have managed to show a perfect jump, which means that all five judges attributed the maximum style score of 20 points for their jumps. Kazuyoshi Funaki, Sven Hannawald and Wolfgang Loitzl were attributed 4x20 (plus another 19.5) style score points for their second jump, thus receiving nine times the maximum score of 20 points within one competition. Kazuyoshi Funaki is the only one in history who achieved this more than once. So far only seven jumpers are recorded to have achieved this score in total of ten times:

No.	Date		Rank	Hill	Location	Competition	Metres	Yards	Feet
1	07/03/1976	Anton Innauer	1st	Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze K175	Oberstdorf	KOP International Ski Flying Week	176.0	192.5	577
2	24/01/1998	Kazuyoshi Funaki	2nd	Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze K185	Oberstdorf	World Cup / Ski Flying World Championships	187.5	205.0	615
3	25/01/1998	Kazuyoshi Funaki	1st	Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze K185	Oberstdorf	World Cup / Ski Flying World Championships	205.5	224.7	674
4	15/02/1998	Kazuyoshi Funaki	1st	Hakuba K120	Nagano	Olympic Games	132.5	149.9	438
5	17/01/1999	Kazuyoshi Funaki	2nd	Wielka Krokiew K116	Zakopane	World Cup	119.0	130.1	390
6	08/02/2003	Sven Hannawald	1st	Mühlenkopfschanze K130	Willingen	World Cup	142.0	155.3	466
7	08/02/2003	Hideharu Miyahira	6th	Mühlenkopfschanze K130	Willingen	World Cup	135.5	148.2	445
8	06/01/2009	Wolfgang Loitzl	1st	Paul-Ausserleitner-Schanze HS140 (night)	Bischofshofen	Four Hills Tournament	142.5	155.8	468
9	20/03/2015	Peter Prevc	1st	Letalnica bratov Gorišek HS225	Planica	World Cup	233.0	254.8	764
10	22/03/2015	Jurij Tepeš	1st	Letalnica bratov Gorišek HS225	Planica	World Cup	244.0	266.8	801

List of national records

The all-time longest jump was achieved in Vikersund in 2017.

Men

Nation	Athlete	Metres	Feet	Place	Year	Source
Austria	Stefan Kraft (WR)	253.5	831	Vikersund	2017	[2][29]
Norway	Robert Johansson	252.0	826	Vikersund	2017	[2][29]
Poland	Kamil Stoch	251.5	825	Planica	2017	[30][29]
Slovenia	Peter Prevc	250.0	820	Vikersund	2015	[31]
Germany	Markus Eisenbichler	248.0	814	Planica	2017	[29]
United States	Kevin Bickner	244.5	802	Vikersund	2017	[29]
Japan	Daiki Ito	243.0	797	Vikersund	2017	[29]
Finland	Janne Happonen	240.0	787	Vikersund	2011	[29]
Switzerland	Simon Ammann	239.5	785	Vikersund	2017	[29]
Czech Republic	Antonín Hájek	236.0	774	Planica	2010	[29]
Russia	Dimitry Vassiliev	233.5	766	Vikersund	2015	[29]
Italy	Alex Insam	232.5	763	Planica	2017	[29]
France	Vincent Descombes Sevoie	230.5	756	Vikersund	2016
Canada	Mackenzie Boyd-Clowes	224.0	735	Planica	2016	[32]
Bulgaria	Vladimir Zografski	213.5	700	Planica	2013
Estonia	Kaarel Nurmsalu	213.0	698	Planica	2017	[29]
Sweden	Isak Grimholm	207.5	681	Planica	2007	[29]
South Korea	Choi Heung-chul			Planica	2008	[29]
Belarus	Petr Chaadaev	197.5	648	Kulm	2006	[29]
Kazakhstan	Radik Zhaparov	196.5	645	Planica	2007	[29]
Slovakia	Martin Mesik	195.5	641	Kulm	2006	[29]
Ukraine	Vitaliy Shumbarets	189.5	622	Planica	2009
Greece	Nico Polychronidis	186.0	610	Oberstdorf	2013	[29]
Netherlands	Christoph Kreuzer	162.0	531	Planica	2002	[29]
Turkey	Muhammed Munir Gungen	145.0	475	Rukatunturi	2016	[29]
Georgia	Koba Tsakadze	142.0	466	Vikersund	1967	[33]
Spain	Bernat Sola	141.0	463	Tauplitz	1986	[29]
Hungary	Gábor Gellér	139.0	456	Harrachov	1980s	[29]
Denmark	Andreas Bjelke Nygaard	137.0	449	Lillehammer	2000s	[29]
United Kingdom	Robert Lock	130.0	427	Park City	2015	[34]
Romania	Eduard Torok	128.0	420	Engelberg	2013	[29]
Kyrgyzstan	Dmitry Chvykov	124.0	407	Innsbruck	2002	[35]
China	Tian Zhandong	121.5	399	Bischofshofen	2004	[36]
Croatia[a]	Josip Šporer	102.0	335	Planica	1940s	[37]
Latvia	Kristaps Nežborts			Liberec	2012	[38]
Lithuania[b]	Zbigniew Kiwert	86.0	282	Nizhny Novgorod	1960	[39]
Iceland	Skarphéðinn Guðmundsson	80.0	262	Squaw Valley	1960	[40]
Macedonia[a]	Goga Popov junior	62.0	203	Planica	1952	[41]
Australia	Hal Nerdal	53.0	174	Squaw Valley	1960	[29]
	Chris Hellerud			Falun	1974	[42]
Uganda	Dunstan Odeke	50.0	164	Oslo	1990s	[42]
Montenegro[a]	Božo Čvorović	46.0	151	Žabljak	1960s	[43]
Serbia[a]	Vid Černe	40.0	131	Jahorina	1949	[44]
Bosnia and Herzegovina[a]	Džemo Zahirović	36.0	118	Jahorina	1949	[45]
Belgium	Rembert Notten	35.0	115	Rückershausen	2012	[46][47][48]
Ireland	Richard Brown			Gothenburg	2002	[29]
Greenland	Hans Holm	23.3	76	Nuuk	1949	[49]
New Zealand	Brian MacMillan	18.6	61	Mount Cook	1937	[50]

Women

Nation	Athlete	Metres	Feet	Place	Year	Source
Austria	Daniela Iraschko-Stolz (WR)	200.0	656	Kulm	2003	[51]
Norway	Anette Sagen	174.5	484	Vikersund	2004	[51]
Sweden	Helena Olsson	174.5	484	Vikersund	2004	[51]
United States	Lindsey Van	171.0	561	Vikersund	2004	[51]
Germany	Ulrike Gräßler	146.0	479	Willingen	2010	[51]
Japan	Sara Takanashi	141.0	463	Sapporo	2011	[51]
Slovenia	Špela Rogelj	140.0	459	Klingenthal	2012	[51]
Russia	Irina Taktayeva	137.0	449			[51]
Switzerland	Bigna Windmüller	133.0	436	Oberstdorf	2008	[51]
France	Julia Clair	131.5	431	Planica	2014	[51]
Canada	Atsuko Tanaka	130.0	426	Courchevel	2013	[51]
Italy		130.0	426	Oslo	2016	[51]
Finland	Julia Kykkänen	125.0	410	Oslo	2016	[51]
China	Chang Xinyue	125.0	410	Lillehammer	2017	[51]
Czech Republic	Michaela Doleželová	116.5	382	Courchevel	2013	[51]
Romania	Daniela Haralambie	115.0	377	Oslo	2016	[51]
Poland	Kinga Raida	111.0	364	Planica	2016	[51]
Netherlands	Wendy Vuik	107.0	351	Oslo	2013	[51]
Hungary	Virág Vörös	101.0	331	Predazzo	2016	[51]
Latvia	Šarlote Šķēle	85.0	279	Predazzo	2013	[51]
Estonia	Anemarii Bendi	83.0	272	Otepää	2014	[51]
Kazakhstan	Valentina Sderzhikova	80.0	262	Szczyrk	2015	[51]
South Korea	Park Guy-lim	79.5	261	Notodden	2015	[51]
Ukraine	Khrystyna Droniak	77.0	253	Szczyrk	2016	[51]

Notable ski jumpers

To be included in the list, the male athlete needs to either win at least 20 individual World Cup events, have at least 400 individual starts in the World Cup, or win three or more medals at the Winter Olympics.^[52][53] The female athlete needs to either win at least 10 individual World Cup events or win a medal at the Winter Olympics.^[54][55]

Male Gregor Schlierenzauer Thomas Morgenstern Andreas Goldberger Andreas Felder Andreas Kofler Andreas Widhölzl Martin Höllwarth Heinz Kuttin Matti Nykänen Toni Nieminen Jari Puikkonen Janne Ahonen Matti Hautamäki Sven Hannawald Dieter Thoma Jens Weißflog Severin Freund Martin Schmitt Andreas Wellinger Kazuyoshi Funaki Masahiko Harada Noriaki Kasai Lars Bystøl Birger Ruud Robert Johansson Kamil Stoch Adam Małysz Peter Prevc Simon Ammann

Gregor Schlierenzauer is the most successful male athlete in the World Cup, winning 53 individual World Cup events. Carina Vogt has won the women's first-ever gold medal at the Winter Olympic Games in 2014. Female Daniela Iraschko-Stolz Coline Mattel Carina Vogt Katharina Althaus Sara Takanashi Maren Lundby Sarah Hendrickson

See also

• Ski flying


• List of FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in ski jumping


• List of FIS Ski Jumping World Cup team events


• List of Olympic medalists in ski jumping


• List of Four Hills Tournament winners


• Medicinernes Skiklub Svartor


• FIS Ski Flying World Cup

References

General

• 
  "Ski Jumping History". olympic.org. Retrieved 13 March 2017. 
  


• 
  "The history of ski jumping". skijumping-info.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2017. 
  


• 
  "Ski Jumping – History". abc-of-skiing.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2017. 
  

Specific

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