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Anglo-Saxon gold belt buckle with ribbon interlace, Sutton Hoo ship burial, 7th century

Detail of elaborate interlace from the Book of Kells.

In the visual arts, interlace is a decorative element found in medieval art. In interlace, bands or portions of other motifs are looped, braided, and knotted in complex geometric patterns, often to fill a space. Interlacing is common in the Migration period art of Northern Europe, especially in the Insular art of Ireland and the British Isles and Norse art of the Early Middle Ages and in Islamic art.

Intricate braided and interlaced patterns, called plaits in British usage, are found in late Roman art in many parts of Europe, in mosaic floors and other media. Coptic manuscripts and textiles of 5th- and 6th-century Christian Egypt are decorated with broad-strand ribbon interlace ornament bearing a "striking resemblance" to the earliest types of knotwork found in the Insular art manuscripts of Ireland and the British Isles.^[1]

History and application

Interlace and rotational symmetry: Iron Age Torque de Foxados, Museo de Pontevedra, Galicia

Northern Europe

Interlace is a key feature of the "Style II" animal style decoration of Migration Period art, and is found widely across Northern Europe, and was carried by the Lombards into Northern Italy. Typically the long "ribbons" eventually terminate in an animal's head. By about 700 it becomes less common in most of Europe, but continues to develop in the British Isles and Scandinavia, where it is found on metalwork, woodcarving, runestones, high crosses, and illuminated manuscripts of the 7th to 12th centuries. Artist George Bain has characterised the early Insular knotwork found in the 7th-century Book of Durrow and the Durham Cathedral Gospel Book fragment as "broken and rejoined" braids.^[2] Whether Coptic braid patterns were transmitted directly to Hiberno-Scottish monasteries from the eastern Mediterranean or came via Lombardic Italy is uncertain.^[1] Art historian James Johnson Sweeney argued for direct communication between the scriptoria of Early Christian Ireland and the Coptic monasteries of Egypt.^[3]

This new style featured elongated beasts intertwined into symmetrical shapes, and can be dated to the mid-7th century based on the accepted dating of examples in the Sutton Hoo treasure.^[1] The most elaborate interlaced zoomorphics occur in Viking Age art of the Urnes style (arising before 1050), where tendrils of foliate designs intertwine with the stylized animals.^[4]

The full-flowering of Northern European interlace occurred in the Insular art of the British Isles, where the animal style ornament of Northern Europe blended with ribbon knotwork and Christian influences in such works as the Book of Kells and the Cross of Cong.^[1] Whole carpet pages were illuminated with abstract patterns, including much use of interlace, and stone high crosses combined interlace panels with figurative ones. Insular interlace was copied in continental Europe, closely in the Franco-Saxon school of the 8th to 11th centuries, and less so in other Carolingian schools of illumination, where the tendency was to foliate decorative forms. In Romanesque art these became typical, and the interlace generally much less complex. Some animal forms are also found.

Islamic art

Geometric interlacing patterns are common in Islamic ornament. They can be considered a particular type of arabesque. Umayyad architectural elements such as floor mosaics, window grilles, carvings and wall paintings, and decorative metal work of the 8th to 10th centuries are followed by the intricate interlacings common in later medieval Islamic art. Interlaced elaborations are also found in Kufic calligraphy.

Southern Europe

Interlace and knotwork are often found in Byzantine art, continuing Roman usage, but they are not given great prominence. One notable example of a widespread local usage of interlace is the three-ribbon interlace found in the early medieval Croatia on stone carvings from the 9th to 11th centuries.

Gallery

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  Shoulder clasps with interlaced schematic animals, Sutton Hoo ship burial, early 7th century
  

  
  

  
  


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  Early Insular interlace, Durham Cathedral Gospel Book, mid-7th century
  

  
  

  
  


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  Insular animal and knot interlace, Lindisfarne Gospels, early 8th century
  

  
  

  
  


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  Page from the Book of Dimma with simple interlace borders, 8th century
  

  
  

  
  


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  Kirkyard Stone, Aberlemo, Scotland, c. 800
  

  
  

  
  


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  Ärentuna runestone with interlaced animal, Uppland, Sweden
  

  
  

  
  


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  Detail of decorated initial "T" with ribbon interlace filling and interlaced animal motif, Book of Kells, c. 800
  

  
  

  
  


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  Fragment of 9th-century Anglo-Saxon cross found at St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester
  

  
  

  
  


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  Inscription of king Stephen Držislav of Croatia, late 10th century
  

  
  

  
  


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  Carpet page from an Arabic illuminated manuscript, 11th century
  

  
  

  
  


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  Engraving of the Cross of Cong, an Irish processional cross decorated with elements of Insular art and Urnes style decoration, early 12th century^[5]

  
  

  
  


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  Romanesque interlace, foliage and knotwork, French, c. 1175 - 1195
  

  
  

  
  


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  Folio from a manuscript of the Qur'an with interlaced border, 1182
  

  
  

  
  


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  Romanesque interlace, "inhabited" with figures, Northern England, 1190-1200.
  

  
  

  
  


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  Romanesque altar of Santa María de Melide, Galicia (Spain)
  

  
  

  
  

See also

• Celtic art


• Celtic knot


• Croatian interlace


• Endless knot


• Islamic interlace patterns


• List of Hiberno-Saxon illustrated manuscripts


• Runestone styles


• Strapwork

Notes

References

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  Bain, George (1973). Celtic Art: The Methods of Construction. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-22923-8. 
  


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  Bishop, Morris (2001). The Middle Ages. Mariner Books. ISBN 0-618-05703-X. 
  


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  Graham-Campbell, James (1980). The Viking World. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 0-89919-005-7. 
  


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  Mitchell, G. Frank, Peter Harbison, Liam de Paor, Maire de Paor, and Roger A. Stalley (1977). Treasures of Irish Art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D. : From the Collections of the National Museum of Ireland, Royal Irish Academy, & Trinity College, Dublin. Metropolitan Museum of Art & Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 0-394-42807-2. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knots in art and decoration.

• Illustrated article by Peter Hubert on the origins of interlace sculpture.